Determining the ideal time to cut alfalfa for maximum yields can be challenging due to weather variability and moisture levels. However, by considering key factors, farmers can make informed decisions to optimize their harvest.
Three important questions should guide the decision-making process:
- What are the desired end goals in terms of feed value?
- What is the planned harvest schedule for the season?
- How can high yields and nutritive quality be maintained?
Research indicates that harvesting more frequently leads to high-quality forage, but sacrifices stand persistence and plant vigor. Alternatively, longer intervals between harvests result in higher yields and better stand longevity, albeit with lower-quality feeds. The first cutting of established alfalfa offers the best opportunity to harvest the highest concentration of digestible fiber during the season.
The critical decision lies in determining the timing of the first cutting, as it sets the tone for the entire crop year. Timing should be based on the developmental stage rather than relying on risky research or observing neighboring farmers.
The recommended cutting stages for different livestock categories are as follows:
- Early to mid-bud stage for high-performance animals
- Late bud through mid-bloom stage for beef cattle
- Full bloom stage for animals with lower requirements
For maximum dry matter yield, the first cutting should occur just before full bloom, with subsequent cuttings at 40- to 45-day intervals. This three-cut summer system yields forage that is relatively lower in nutritive quality. Some growers may opt for a fourth cutting in the fall.
For higher-value forage required in high-performance livestock feeding programs, the first cutting should take place at the late-bud to first-flower stage, followed by cuttings at 32- to 35-day intervals until early September. This is often referred to as a four-cut summer system.
Ultimately, cutting decisions should align with the desired quality that best suits the specific operation. By considering the unique requirements of their livestock and balancing them with harvest schedules, farmers in Minnesota can achieve optimal results.