Healthy forests and woodlots benefit from variety. When trees of different species and ages grow together and there are gaps in the canopy, the forest becomes more resilient and supportive of life.
This variety is called structural diversity. It includes a mix of hardwoods and conifers, young and old trees, and spaces in the forest where sunlight reaches the ground. These features promote healthy tree growth, support wildlife, and help forests and woodlots cope with climate change and other challenges.
There are a few keyways to manage forests for more diversity:
Uneven-aged forest management:
Single tree selection removes one tree at a time, creating small openings for shade-tolerant plants.
Group selection clears small clusters of trees, making brighter spaces for sun-loving species.
Even-aged forest management:
Seed tree harvesting leaves some mature trees to seed a new generation.
Shelterwood harvesting gradually removes older trees so young ones grow with some light and shelter.
Forests with structural diversity also encourage rich soil. The variety in tree roots and canopy gaps allows helpful fungi and microbes to thrive. These tiny organisms boost nutrient flow and support stronger roots.
Wildlife gain shelter and food from these woodlots. Gaps in the canopy help flowers and berries grow, feeding birds and pollinators. Dead trees and cavity trees become homes for insects and animals. A mix of evergreen and deciduous trees also gives animals shelter through different seasons.
If you manage forested land, consider working with an expert to increase structural diversity. These efforts will help protect your woods and support the broader ecosystem.