Researchers at the University of Guelph have discovered that subtle facial expressions may provide important clues about how horses feel and respond during riding lessons. The study suggests that horse owners and trainers can learn more about equine welfare by paying attention to small facial movements rather than relying only on obvious signs of discomfort.
The research examined lesson horses before, during, and after riding sessions using a system called EquiFACS, short for Equine Facial Action Coding System. This method records specific facial muscle movements and helps researchers better understand horse communication and behavior.
“You need to be very observant,” said Equine Exercise Physiology PhD student, Aveil Oberhammer used EquiFACS (Equine Facial Action Coding System). “I think doing it live versus recorded is a very different experience. It's a lot harder to do live, especially for facial actions where it's just like a lip twitch. You also have to know is the lip twitching backwards or upwards because that's a different score and it's hard to see in the moment.”
The study found that expressions such as raised eyelids, ear movements, nostril dilation, chewing, and lip movements can reveal valuable information about a horse's physical and mental state. Researchers noted that these signals can have different meanings depending on the situation. For example, chewing may help horses regulate their emotions, while nostril dilation may indicate attention, anticipation, or physical effort.
A key finding from the University of Guelph study challenged the belief that beginner riding lessons are less demanding for horses than advanced lessons. Researchers observed little difference in facial expressions between horses ridden by novice and experienced riders. This indicates that horses may experience similar levels of physical and mental effort regardless of rider skill.
The study also highlighted the importance of clear communication between horses and riders. Horses must interpret rider cues, and unclear or inconsistent signals can increase their cognitive workload. Less-experienced lesson horses often appeared more alert and responsive, while experienced horses were more likely to wait for clearer instructions.
Researchers observed noticeable changes throughout the riding process. Horses showed greater facial activity before being saddled, appeared more reserved while wearing tack, and displayed increased oral behaviors after riding. These changes may provide useful insights into their comfort and welfare.
According to the University of Guelph research team, understanding these subtle expressions can help improve horse training, welfare, and communication. As equine science continues to advance, facial expression analysis may become an important tool for helping riders, trainers, and owners build stronger and more positive relationships with their horses.